লেকচার-৩ (Preposition)

অনলাইন কোর্স সমন্বয়কারীঃ 

মোঃ মামুন চৌধুরী  

পূর্বের লেকচারঃ 

লেকচার-২ (Voice) 

Prepositions – Time

English	Usage	Example
on	days of the week	on Monday
in	months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
at	for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
since	from a certain point of time (past till now)	since 1980
for	over a certain period of time (past till now)	for 2 years
ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
to	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
by	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

 

 

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English	Usage	Example
in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

 

 

Other important Prepositions

English	Usage	Example
from	who gave it	a present from Jane
of	who/what does it belong to what does it show	a page of the book the picture of a palace
by	who made it	a book by Mark Twain
on	walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
in	entering a car  / Taxi	get in the car
off	leaving a public transport vehicle	get off the train
out of	leaving a car  / Taxi	get out of the taxi
by	rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
at	for age	she learned Russian at 45
about	for topics, meaning what about	we were talking about you

BCS English Lecture-3 (PDF) 

লেকচার-২ (Voice)

 Active voice কে Passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করতে হবেঃ

i)                    Active voice এর verb এর object, Passive voice এর Verb এর subject রূপে ব্যবহৃত হবে।

ii)                  অনুরূপ ভাবে Active voice এর verb এর subject, Passive voice এর Verb এর object রূপে বসে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসে।

iii)                Active voice এর verb এর past participle form, passive voice এর verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং তার পূর্বে Active voice এর verb এর Tense অনুযায়ী to be verb / to have verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Note: Active voice এ কারোর দ্বারা কাজ সম্পাদিত হয়েছে এমন কিছু বোঝালে passive voice এর তার পূর্বে by বসে এবং কিসের দ্বারা কাজটি সম্পন্ন হয়েছে তা বোঝালে passive voice এ তার পূর্বে with বসে।

The letter has been written by me. His face was covered with dust.

Tense অনুযায়ী passive voice এ Verb এর গঠনঃ

Sr	Tense	to be verb / to have verb	Example
1.	Simple Present	am/is/are + v.p.p	He writes a letter A letter is written by him
2.	Simple Past	was/were + p.p	He wrote a letter A letter was written by him
3.	Simple Future	shall be / will be + p.p.	He will write a letter A letter will be written by him
4.	Present Continuous	am being / is being / are being + p.p.	He is writing a letter A letter is being written by him
5.	Past Continuous	was being / were being + p.p.	He was writing a letter A letter was being written by him
6.	Present Perfect	has been / have been + p.p.	He has written a letter A letter has been written by him
7.	Past Perfect	had been + p.p.	He had written a letter A letter had been written by him
8.	Future Perfect	shall have been / will have been + p.p.	He will have written a letter. A letter will have been written by him.
9.	Going to Future	am/is/are going to be + p.p.	He is going to build a house A house is going to built by him
10.	Present Infinitive	to be + p.p.	He wants me to do the work He wants the work to be done by me.

Rule: 1 

P = S + (be) verb + Vpp

এখানে be verb টি সব সময় active voice এর মূল verb অনুসারে বসবে।

উদাহারণঃ

Cats kill mice

Mice are killed by cats

I have done my homework

My homework has been done.

The were carrying teh wounded man to the hospital.

The wounded man was being carried to the hospital.

Rule: 2

Active Voice এ used to থাকলে passive voice এ used to be হবে।

উদাহারণঃ

We used to invite them to the party.

They used to be invited to the party.

** মূল verb এর আগে am to, is to, are to, was to, were to, (be) going to, have to, has to, had, used to, ought to, had better, need not, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must থাকলে passive voice এ be + Vpp।

উদাহারণঃ

I can do it.

It can be done.

I am going to open a shop.

A shop is going to be opened.

** Embody, Contain, Interest, Involve, এদের পরে in বসে; by বসে না।

My teacher embodies all the good qualities.

All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.

** Cover, Decorate, Furnish, Seize fill light. Lit এই verb গুলোর পরে passive এ with বসে।

উদাহারণঃ

The electricity lighted the village.

The village was lit with the electricity.  

** Marry, engage, knew, require এই verb গুলোর পর passive voice এ to বসে; by বসে না।

উদাহারণঃ

Rumpa marry to Rumi

Rumi was married to Rumpa.

I knew her well

She is well known to me.

** Active voice এ মূল verb এর সাথে preposition থাকলে passive এও রাখতে হবে।

উদাহারণঃ

He often writes to me.

I am often written to by him.

I came by the news yesterday.

The news was came by by me yestreday.

** All দ্বারা ব্যাক্তি বোঝালে passive voice এ all এর পর plural হয়; কিন্তু All দ্বারা বস্তু বোঝালে passive voice এ singular হয়।

উদাহারণঃ

He loves all.

All are loved by him.

The crow eats all.

All is eaten by the crow.

Note: See, watch, notice, feel, help, hear, make এবং let এই verb গুলোর পর (bare infinitive) মানে to বসে না; কিন্তু passive voice এ let ছাড়া অন্যগুলোতে to বসবে।

উদাহারণঃ

I saw him go.

He was seen to go.

He let us go.

We were let go.

** Please, displease, annoy, vex এই verb গুলোর পর passive এ by বসে না। with / at বসে।

এদের পর ব্যাক্তি / জনাব থাকলে with বসবে

বস্তু থাকলে at বসবে।

উদাহারণঃ

She pleased me all.

I was alll pleased with her.

Her conduct annoyed me.

I was annoyed at her conduct.  

Rule:3

Interrogative Sentence:

Wh এর আগে কখন by বসে আর কখন by বসে না, মূল verb আর আগে প্রেসে।

মূল verb এর আগে পেরসন (sub) থাকলে  passive voice double এদর নবরীপাতা।

উদাহারণঃ

What does he want?

What is wanted by him?

Whose poems are ready by you?

Whose poems are ready by?

Whom did you see?

Who was seen by you?

       

Rule: 4

দুটি object সম্পন্ন কোন Sentence কে Active voice থেকে Passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় যেকোনও একটি object কে subject রুপে পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

যেমনঃ

He gave me a book.

A book was given me by him

or, I was given a book by him.

Rule: 5

Imperative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে নিম্নোক্ত উপায়ে।

P = Let + Obj + be +vpp

উদাহারণঃ

Open the door.

Let the door be opened.

Do not it

Let it not to be done

** Active voice যদি Late দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে passive voice হবে

P = Let + Obj1 + Verb + Obj2

Let him to do it

Let it be done by him

Active voice let ছাড়া শুরু হলে তাহলে Passive voice হবে

অর্থাৎ  verb + Obj1 + Obj2 এই ফরম্যাটে থাকলে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন হবে

P = Let + obj2 + be + vpp + to / for + obj1 

Give me a pen

Let a pen be given to me 

Tell me a tale

Let a tale be told to me

Rule: 6

Reflexive object যেমন myself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselve এর Active voice এ পরিবর্তনের ক্ষেত্রে subject / object এর কোনও পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধুমাত্র Active voice verb এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী passive voice এ পরিবর্তন হয়।

যেমনঃ

He killed himself

He was killed by himself

You should help yourself.

You should be help by yourself.

Rule: 7

Complex sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে principal clause এবং sub-ordinate clause উভয় এর verb – passive form এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে অনেক সময় introductory – it passive form এ subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। উভয় clause এ subject যদি একই হয়, তাহলে শুধুমাত্র শেষের clause এর পরে subject, by যোগে object এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। যেমনঃ

He told me that he had done the work.

I was told that the work had been done by him.

We know that Columbus discovered America

It is known to us that America was discovered by Columbus.

He said that Karim is honest.

It is said by him that Karim is honest.